|
Health in Bosnia and Herzegovina was impacted by the Balkan War of the early 1990s, during which Bosnia and Herzegovina declared their independence.〔Cain, J. et al. In Cain, J. and Jakubowski, E., eds. Health care systems in transition: Bosnia and Herzegovina. Copenhagen, European Observatory on Health Care Systems, 4(7) (2002).〕 Bosnia faced many challenges during the war, including bombings throughout the country that ruined much of the infrastructure. Parallel regimes took over Bosnia and flipped the country upside down with land mines, bullets, and bombings. The war displaced over 800,000 refugees〔 and killed over 100,000 people.〔"Bosnia-Herzegovina." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. United States Holocaust Memorial Council, n.d. Web. 09 May 2014.〕 The war in Bosnia also consisted of an ethnic “cleanse” of Bosnian Muslims initiated by Bosnian Serbs,〔 which included containment of Bosniaks in concentration camps. The war ended with NATO involvement〔 and the Dayton Agreement in 1995.〔 The Dayton Agreement acknowledges Bosnia and Herzegovina as a democratic country and the country is moving toward the basic principals that accompany that, such as civil rights and equality.〔 During the war there was minimal attention given to the standard of health and major public health concerns, such as pest control, hygiene, disinfection, and import and export programs, were all interrupted or stopped.〔 The war affected Bosnia in many ways. The war torn country not only lost much of the infrastructure, but the economy and the governmental system were also affected. It is estimated that there are still thousands of people living as refugees and a large portion of the population still fall under the United Nations High Commission of Refugees category of a refugee or displaced person.〔Cain, J. et al. In Cain, J. and Jakubowski, E., eds. Health care systems in transition: Bosnia and Herzegovina. Copenhagen, European Observatory on Health Care Systems, 4(7) (2002).〕 The shortcomings of the current health care system include the lack of communication between health care centers, lack of skills, and lack of standards that are uniform throughout the country.〔 == Health issues == The war has resulted in lower socioeconomic statuses of Bosnia’s citizens, raised new health concerns, caused epidemiological changes, and changed the focus of the community.〔"Strategic Plan for Health Care Development in The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Between 2008 and 2018." BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA FEDERATION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA FEDERAL MINISTRY OF HEALTH (2008): n. pag. National Planning Cycles. Web. 9 May 2014. Health Care Systems, 4(7) (2002).〕 Smoking is a large problem, as well as increased drug and alcohol use after the war.〔 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), as well as other psychological traumas, have appeared in high numbers after the war.〔 The war in Bosnia was different than other modern day wars in terms of the leading cause of death. It is usually the case that the leading cause of death for civilians is the outbreak of infectious disease, but in Bosnia and Herzegovina the leading cause of death was war-related trauma.〔Kunitz, Stephen. The Making and Breaking of Yugoslavia and Its Impact on Health. Am J Public Health. 2004 November; 94(11): 1894–1904.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Post-war health in Bosnia and Herzegovina」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|